Bantheng Swarga
Ing mitologi Mesopotamia kuna, Bantheng Swarga kuwe kewan mitologi sing dilawan nang Raja Uruk Gilgamesh. Crita bab Bantheng Swarga kiye dingerteni sekang rong versi sing beda: siji dicathet nang puisi Sumeria sing lewih lawas lan siji maning awujud episode lewih anyar nang basa Babilonia Standar (dialek sastra sekang Akkadia) Epos Gilgamesh. Ing puisi Sumeria kuwe, Bantheng dikirim nggo nyerang Gilgamesh nang dewi Inanna merga alesan sing ora jelas.
Cathetan Akkadia sing lewih jangkep asale sekang Lempengan VI Epos Gilgamesh, nang endi Gilgamesh nolak godhanan seksual sekang dewi Ishtar, dewi pepadhaning Inanna sekang Semit Wetan, sing nggawe Ishtar murka lan njaluk Bantheng Swarga maring ramane, Anu, supaya dheweke bisa ngirim bantheng kuwe nggo nyerang Gilgamesh nang Uruk. Anu ngewehna Bantheng kuwe lan dheweke ngirim bantheng kuwe nggo nyerang Gilgamesh lan batire, pahlawan Enkidu, sing banjur mateni Bantheng kuwe bareng-bareng.
Sawise ngalahna Bantheng kuwe, Enkidu mbalangna pupu tengene Bantheng maring Ishtar, kanggo ngenyek dheweke. Patine Bantheng kuwe nggawe para dewa ngukum mati Enkidu, kedadeyan sing dadi jalaran wedine Gilgamesh maring patine dhewek, sing banjur ngobahna sisa crita nang epos kiye. Bantheng kiye dihubungna karo rasi lintang Taurus lan mitos bab patine bantheng kuwe mbokmenawa nduwe makna astronomis kanggo masyarakat Mesopotamia kuna. Perangan-perangan sekang crita kiye wis dibandingna karo crita-crita sing lewih anyar sekang Timur Dekat kuna, kelebu legenda-legenda sekang Ugarit, crita bab Yusuf ing Kitab Purwaning Dumadi, lan bageyan-bageyan sekang epos Yunani kuna, yakuwe Iliad lan Odyssey.
Mitologi
[sunting | besut sumber]Gilgamesh lan Bantheng Swarga
[sunting | besut sumber]Ing puisi Sumeria Gilgamesh lan Bantheng Swarga, Gilgamesh lan Enkidu mateni Bantheng Swarga, sing diutus nggo nyerang dheweke padha nang dewi Inanna, pepadhaning Sumeria kanggo Ishtar.Cithakan:SfnCithakan:Sfn[1] Alur crita nang puisi kiye beda banget karo adegan sing padha nang Epos Gilgamesh Akkadia sing lewih anyar.Cithakan:Sfn Ing puisi Sumeria kiye, Inanna ketonane ora njaluk Gilgamesh nggo dadi bojone kaya sing dilakokna nang epos Akkadia sing lewih anyar.Cithakan:Sfn Leuwih sekang kuwe, pas dheweke meksa ramane, An, nggo ngewehna Bantheng Swarga maring dheweke, tinimbang ngancam arep nguripna wong mati nggo mangan wong urip kaya sing dilakokna nang epos sing lewih anyar, dheweke mung ngancam arep ngetokna "jeritan" sing bakal gutul maring bumi.Cithakan:Sfn
Epos Gilgamesh
[sunting | besut sumber]Ing Lempengan VI sekang Epos Gilgamesh standar Akkadia, sawise Gilgamesh nolak godhanan seksuale, Ishtar lunga maring Swarga, nang endi dheweke wadul maring biyunge Antu lan ramane Anu.Cithakan:Sfn Dheweke njaluk supaya Anu ngewehna Bantheng Swarga maring dhewekeCithakan:SfnCithakan:Sfn lan ngancam nek ramane nolak, dheweke arep ngremukna lawang gerbang Dunia Bawah lan nguripna wong mati nggo mangan wong urip.Cithakan:Sfn Anu wiwitane nolak penjaluke Ishtar, karo negesna nek Bantheng Swarga kuwe ngrusak banget sing nek diculna bakal njalari mangsa paceklik pitung taun suwene.Cithakan:SfnCithakan:Sfn Ishtar nyatakna nek dheweke wis nyimpen gandum sing cukup nggo kabeh wong lan kabeh kewan nggo pitung taun mengarep.Cithakan:SfnCithakan:Sfn Pungkasane, kanthi abot ati Anu gelem ngewehna maring Ishtar, sing banjur diculna maring donya, sing njalari karusakan gedhe.Cithakan:SfnCithakan:Sfn
Ambegan sepisane Bantheng nggawe bolongan nang lemah sing gedhe banget nganti satus wong ceblok maring njerone, banjur ambegan kapindhone nggawe bolongan sing lewih gedhe maning, sing njebak rong atus wong maning.Cithakan:Sfn Gilgamesh lan Enkidu kerja bareng nggo mateni Bantheng kuwe;Cithakan:SfnCithakan:SfnCithakan:Sfn Enkidu mlaku maring mburine Bantheng banjur narik buntuteCithakan:Sfn terus Gilgamesh nancepna pedhange maring gulune Bantheng, mateni kewan kuwe.Cithakan:Sfn Gilgamesh lan Enkidu ngaturake jantunge Bantheng maring dewa srengenge Shamash.Cithakan:SnfCithakan:Sfn Pas Gilgamesh lan Enkidu lagi ngaso, Ishtar ngadeg nang dhuwur temboke Uruk lan ngutuk Gilgamesh.Cithakan:SnfCithakan:SfnCithakan:Sfn Enkidu nyuwek pupu tengene Bantheng banjur dibalangna maring raine Ishtar.Cithakan:SnfCithakan:SfnCithakan:SfnCithakan:Sfn
Ishtar ngumpulna "para gundhik sing macak, pelacur, lan wanita tuna susila"Cithakan:Snf banjur mrentahna padha nggo nangisi Bantheng Swarga.Cithakan:SnfCithakan:Sfn Sauntara kuwe, Gilgamesh nganakna pahargyan nggo ngrayakna kalahne Bantheng Swarga.Cithakan:SnfCithakan:Sfn Lempengan VII diwiwiti nganggo Enkidu sing nyritakna mimpine nang endi dheweke weruh Anu, Ea, lan Shamash mutusna nek salah siji sekang Gilgamesh utawa Enkidu kudu mati nggo ukuman merga wis mateni Bantheng Swarga.Cithakan:Sfn Dheweke padha milih Enkidu, sing ora suwe banjur lara,Cithakan:Sfn lan mati sawise ngimpi babagan Dunia Bawah.Cithakan:Sfn Lempengan VIII nggambarna sedhihe Gilgamesh sing jero banget merga patine batireCithakan:SfnCithakan:Sfn lan rincian upacara pemakamane Enkidu.Cithakan:Sfn Patine Enkidu dadi pemicu wedine Gilgamesh maring patine dhewek, sing dadi punjering crita nang sisa epos kiye.Cithakan:Sfn
Simbolisme lan panggambaran
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Akeh panggambaran bab patine Bantheng Swarga sing esih ana nang karya-karya seni Mesopotamia kuna.Cithakan:Sfn Panggambaran kiye lewih umum utamane nang segel silinder sekang zaman Kekaisaran Akkadia (Cithakan:Circa 2334 – 2154 SM).Cithakan:Sfn Karya-karya kiye nuduhna nek Bantheng kasebut cetha digambarna dadi bantheng sing nduwe ukuran lan kaganasen sing kelewat wates. Ningen, ora jelas temenan apa sejatine sing diwakili nang Bantheng Swarga kuwe. Ahli Asiriologi Jeremy Black lan Anthony Green nggatekna nek Bantheng Swarga diidentifikasikna karo rasi lintang TaurusCithakan:Sfn lan nduwe panemu nek alesan ngapa Enkidu mbalangna pupu bantheng maring Ishtar nang Epos Gilgamesh sawise ngalahna bantheng kuwe mbokmenawa yakuwe upakara nggo njelasna ngapa rasi lintang kasebut keton kaya kelangan perangan mburi awake.Cithakan:Sfn
Gordon lan Rendsburg nyathet nek panemu bab mbalangna sikil bantheng maring wong liyane "minangka panyendhu sing ala banget" kuwe kabuktekna sumebar nang wilayah geografis sing wiyar nang Timur Dekat kunaCithakan:Sfn lan bab kiye muncul maning nang Odyssey, puisi epos Yunani kuna.Cithakan:Sfn Pira-pira sarjana nganggep Bantheng Swarga minangka tokoh sing padha karo Gugalanna, bojone Ereshkigal sing disebutna nang Inanna nang Mudune Inanna maring Dunia Bawah.Cithakan:Sfn
Pengaruh nang crita-crita sabanjure
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Cyrus H. Gordon lan Gary A. Rendsburg nyathet nek motif Timur Dekat bab mangsa paceklik pitung taun sawise matine pahlawan kabuktekna nang mitos Ugarit bab matine AqhatCithakan:Sfn lan nek tema bab wong sing mramalna anane mangsa paceklik pitung taun sadurunge kedadeyan banjur nyimpen pasokan kuwe uga ditemokna nang crita Ibrani bab Yusuf sekang Kitab Purwaning Dumadi,Cithakan:Sfn lan nang ayat 47-48 sekang Surah Yusuf nang Al-Qur'an.[2]
Miturut sarjana klasik Jerman Walter Burkert, adegan nalika Ishtar madhep maring Anu nggo njaluk Bantheng Swarga sawise ditulak nang Gilgamesh nduweni kamiripan langsung karo adegan sekang Buku V Iliad.Cithakan:Sfn Nang Epos Gilgamesh, Ishtar wadul maring biyunge Antu, ningen diseneni sacara alus nang Anu.Cithakan:Sfn Nang adegan sekang Iliad, Afrodit, sing dadi perkembangan Yunani selanjute sekang Ishtar, tatu merga pahlawan Yunani Diomedes pas lagi njajal nylametna anake sing jenenge Aeneas.Cithakan:Sfn Dheweke mlayu maring Gunung Olimpus, nang endi dheweke nangis wadul maring biyunge Dione, diennyek nang sedulur wadone Athena, lan diseneni sacara alus nang ramane Zeus.Cithakan:Sfn Ora mung ukara naratif kuwe tok sing penting,Cithakan:Sfn ningen uga kanyatan nek jeneng Dione yakuwe bentuk feminisasi sekang jeneng Zeus dhewek, padha karo Antu sing dadi bentuk feminin sekang Anu.Cithakan:Sfn Dione ora muncul maning nang sisa crita Iliad, nang endi sing dadi bojone Zeus malahan dewi Hera.Cithakan:Sfn Mula kuwe, Burkert njukut kesimpulan nek Dione yakuwe kalk sekang Antu.Cithakan:Sfn
Sarjana klasik Inggris Graham Anderson nyathet nek, nang Odyssey, anak buahe Odisseus mateni sapi suci Helios lan diukum mati nang para dewa merga alesan kiye, meh padha kaya Enkidu nang Epos Gilgamesh.Cithakan:Sfn M. L. West nyatakna nek kamiripan kasebut mandan jero tinimbang mung kanyatan nek, nang rong kedadeyan kuwe, makhluk sing dipateni yakuwe kewan kaya sapi sing kebal sekang pati alami.Cithakan:Sfn Nang rong kedadeyan kuwe, wong utawa wong-wong sing diukum mati yakuwe batire sang pahlawan, sing patine meksa pahlawan kasebut nerusna lakunedhewekan.Cithakan:Sfn Dheweke uga nyathet nek, nang rong kedadeyan kuwe, epos nggambarna anane rembugan nang antara para dewa bab apa pihak sing salah kudu mati apa oraCithakan:Sfn lan ancamane Helios maring Zeus nek dheweke ora mbalesna patine sapine nang Odyssey kuwe meh mirip banget karo ancamane Ishtar maring Anu pas dheweke njaluk Bantheng kasebut nang Epos Gilgamesh.Cithakan:Sfn
Bruce Louden mbandingna penyendhune Enkidu maring Ishtar sanalika sawise mateni Bantheng Swarga karo penyendhune Odisseus maring raksasa Polifemos nang Buku IX sekang Odyssey.Cithakan:Sfn Nang rong kedadeyan kuwe, sipat gumedhe utawa kemlinti sekang sang pahlawan sawise entuk kemenangan, nggawe sawijining dewa ngutuk dheweke.Cithakan:Sfn
Referensi
[sunting | besut sumber]- ↑ ETCSL 1.8.1.2
- ↑ "Surah Yusuf - 47-48" (dalam bahasa en). https://quran.com/yusuf/47-48.
Daftar pustaka
[sunting | besut sumber]- Anderson, Graham (2000). Fairytale in the Ancient World. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-23702-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=ivWCAgAAQBAJ&dq=Bull+of+Heaven+Gilgamesh+Odyssey&pg=PA127.
- Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, The British Museum Press, ISBN 978-0714117058
- Burkert, Walter (2005), "Chapter Twenty: Near Eastern Connections", di dalam Foley, John Miles, A Companion to Ancient Epic, New York City, New York and London, England: Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4051-0524-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=V4mZmoZhG68C&q=Epic+of+Gilgamesh+Iliad+and+Odyssey
- Dalley, Stephanie (1989), Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-283589-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC&q=Ishtar
- Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy (1980), Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins, Berkeley, California, Los Angeles, California, and London, England: The University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-04106-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&dq=Gilgamesh+Humbaba&pg=PA167
- Gordon, Cyrus H.; Rendsburg, Gary A. (1997), The Bible and the Ancient Near East, New York City, New York and London, England: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-31689-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=BWmBUBre55QC&dq=Bull+of+Heaven&pg=PA46
- Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976), The Treasures of Darkness: A History of Mesopotamian Religion, New Haven, Connecticut and London, England: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-02291-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=bZT57A8ioCkC&dq=Bull+of+Heaven&pg=PA201
- Louden, Bruce (2011), Homer's Odyssey and the Near East, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-76820-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=AKDfiWrXAx8C&dq=Bull+of+Heaven+Gilgamesh+Odyssey&pg=PA194
- Powell, Barry B. (2012), "Gilgamesh: Heroic Myth", Classical Myth (edisi ke-Seventh), London, England: Pearson, hlm. 336–350, ISBN 978-0-205-17607-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=dqOSAgAAQBAJ&q=Classical+Myth+by+Barry+Powell+seventh+edition
- Pryke, Louise M. (2017), Ishtar, New York and London: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-138--86073-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=fggqDwAAQBAJ&dq=Ninshubur+gender&pg=PA94
- Rice, Michael (1998), The Power of the Bull, New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-09032-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=JofsAgAAQBAJ&dq=Bull+of+Heaven&pg=PA99
- Tigay, Jeffrey H. (2002), The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic, Wauconda, Illinois: Bolchazzy-Carucci Publishers, Inc., ISBN 978-0-86516-546-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=cxjuHTH6I2sC&pg=PA36
- West, M. L. (1997), The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, ISBN 978-0-19-815221-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=fIp0RYIjazQC&dq=Bull+of+Heaven+Gilgamesh+Odyssey&pg=PA417